The Quran on Mountains:
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A book entitled Earth is a basic reference
textbook in many universities around the world. One of its two authors is
Professor Emeritus Frank Press. He was the Science Advisor to former US
President Jimmy Carter, and for 12 years was the President of the National
Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. His book says that mountains have
underlying roots.1 These
roots are deeply embedded in the ground, thus, mountains have a shape like a peg
(see figures 7, 8, and 9). |
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Figure 7: Mountains have deep roots under the surface of the ground. (Earth, Press and Siever, p. 413.) |
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Figure 8: Schematic section. The mountains, like pegs, have deep roots embedded in the ground. (Anatomy of the Earth, Cailleux, p. 220.) (Click on the image to enlarge it.) |
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Figure 9: Another illustration shows how the mountains are peg-like in shape, due to their deep roots. (Earth Science, Tarbuck and Lutgens, p. 158.) (Click on the image to enlarge it.) |
This is how the Quran has described mountains. God has said in the Quran:
Have We not made the earth as a bed, and the mountains as pegs? 
(Quran, 78:6-7)
Modern earth sciences have proven that mountains have deep roots under the surface of the ground (see figure 9) and that these roots can reach several times their elevations above the surface of the ground.2 So the most suitable word to describe mountains on the basis of this information is the word 'peg,' since most of a properly set peg is hidden under the surface of the ground. The history of science tells us that the theory of mountains having deep roots was introduced only in the latter half of the nineteenth century.3
Mountains also play an important role in stabilizing the crust of the earth.4 They hinder the shaking of the earth. God has said in the Quran:
And He has set firm mountains in the earth so that it would not shake with
you...
(Quran, 16:15)
Likewise, the modern theory of plate tectonics holds that mountains work as stabilizers for the earth. This knowledge about the role of mountains as stabilizers for the earth has just begun to be understood in the framework of plate tectonics since the late 1960's.5
Could anyone during the time of the Prophet
Muhammad 
have known of the true shape of mountains? 
Could anyone imagine that the
solid massive mountain which he sees before him actually extends deep into the
earth and has a root, as scientists assert? A large number of books of
geology, when discussing mountains, only describe that part which is above the
surface of the earth. This is because these books were not written by
specialists in geology. However, modern geology has confirmed the truth of
the Quranic verses.
The Quran on the Origin of the Universe: |
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The science of modern cosmology, observational
and theoretical, clearly indicates that, at one point in time, the whole
universe was nothing but a cloud of 'smoke' (i.e. an opaque highly dense and
hot gaseous composition).1
This is one of the undisputed principles of standard modern cosmology.
Scientists now can observe new stars forming out of the remnants of that 'smoke'
(see figures 10 and 11). |
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Figure 10: A new star forming out of a cloud of gas and dust (nebula), which is one of the remnants of the 'smoke' that was the origin of the whole universe. (The Space Atlas, Heather and Henbest, p. 50.) |
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Figure 11: The Lagoon nebula is a cloud of gas and dust, about 60 light years in diameter. It is excited by the ultraviolet radiation of the hot stars that have recently formed within its bulk. (Horizons, Exploring the Universe, Seeds, plate 9, from Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc.) (Click on the image to enlarge it.) |
The illuminating stars we see at night were, just as was the whole universe, in that 'smoke' material. God has said in the Quran:
Then He turned to the heaven when it was smoke...
(Quran, 41:11)
Because the earth and the heavens above (the sun, the moon, stars, planets, galaxies, etc.) have been formed from this same 'smoke,' we conclude that the earth and the heavens were one connected entity. Then out of this homogeneous 'smoke,' they formed and separated from each other. God has said in the Quran:
Have not those who disbelieved known that the heavens and the earth were one
connected entity, then We separated them?...
(Quran, 21:30)
Dr. Alfred Kroner is one of the world's renowned
geologists. He is Professor of Geology and the Chairman of the Department
of Geology at the Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University,
Mainz, Germany. He said: "Thinking where Muhammad came from . . . I
think it is almost impossible that he could have known about things like the
common origin of the universe, because scientists have only found out within the
last few years, with very complicated and advanced technological methods, that
this is the case."2 (To
view the RealPlayer video of this comment click
here 
). Also
he said: "Somebody who did not know something about nuclear physics fourteen
hundred years ago could not, I think, be in a position to find out from his own
mind, for instance, that the earth and the heavens had the same origin."3
(View the RealPlayer video of this comment ).
The Quran on the Cerebrum: |
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God has said in the Quran about one of the evil
unbelievers who forbade the Prophet Muhammad |
No! If he does not stop, We will take him by
the naseyah (front of the head), a lying, sinful naseyah (front
of the head)!
(Quran, 96:15-16)
Why did the Quran describe the front of the head as being lying and sinful? Why didn't the Quran say that the person was lying and sinful? What is the relationship between the front of the head and lying and sinfulness?
If we look into the skull at the front of the head, we will find the prefrontal area of the cerebrum (see figure 12). What does physiology tell us about the function of this area? A book entitled Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology says about this area, "The motivation and the foresight to plan and initiate movements occur in the anterior portion of the frontal lobes, the prefrontal area. This is a region of association cortex..."1 Also the book says, "In relation to its involvement in motivation, the prefrontal area is also thought to be the functional center for aggression...."2
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Figure 12: Functional regions of the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. The prefrontal area is located at the front of the cerebral cortex. (Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, Seeley and others, p. 210.) (Click on the image to enlarge it.) |
So, this area of the cerebrum is responsible for planning, motivating, and initiating good and sinful behavior and is responsible for the telling of lies and the speaking of truth. Thus, it is proper to describe the front of the head as lying and sinful when someone lies or commits a sin, as the Quran has said, "...A lying, sinful naseyah (front of the head)!"
Scientists have only discovered these functions of the prefrontal area in the last sixty years, according to Professor Keith L. Moore.3
The Quran on Seas and Rivers: |
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Modern Science has discovered that in the places
where two different seas meet, there is a barrier between them. This barrier
divides the two seas so that each sea has its own temperature, salinity, and
density.1 For
example, Mediterranean sea water is warm, saline, and less dense, compared to
Atlantic ocean water. When Mediterranean sea water enters the Atlantic over the
Gibraltar sill, it moves several hundred kilometers into the Atlantic at a depth
of about 1000 meters with its own warm, saline, and less dense characteristics.
The Mediterranean water stabilizes at this depth2
(see figure 13). |
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Figure 13: The Mediterranean sea water as it enters the Atlantic over the Gibraltar sill with its own warm, saline, and less dense characteristics, because of the barrier that distinguishes between them. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius (C). (Marine Geology, Kuenen, p. 43, with a slight enhancement.) (Click on the image to enlarge it.) |
Although there are large waves, strong currents, and tides in these seas, they do not mix or transgress this barrier.
The Holy Quran mentioned that there is a barrier between two seas that meet and that they do not transgress. God has said:
He has set free the two seas meeting
together. There is a barrier between them. They do not transgress.
(Quran, 55:19-20)
But when the Quran speaks about the divider between fresh and salt water, it mentions the existence of "a forbidding partition" with the barrier. God has said in the Quran:
He is the one who has set free the two
kinds of water, one sweet and palatable, and the other salty and bitter. And He
has made between them a barrier and a forbidding partition.
(Quran, 25:53)
One may ask, why did the Quran mention the partition when speaking about the divider between fresh and salt water, but did not mention it when speaking about the divider between the two seas?
Modern science has discovered that in estuaries, where fresh (sweet) and salt water meet, the situation is somewhat different from what is found in places where two seas meet. It has been discovered that what distinguishes fresh water from salt water in estuaries is a "pycnocline zone with a marked density discontinuity separating the two layers."3 This partition (zone of separation) has a different salinity from the fresh water and from the salt water4 (see figure 14).
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Figure 14: Longitudinal section showing salinity (parts per thousand ‰) in an estuary. We can see here the partition (zone of separation) between the fresh and the salt water. (Introductory Oceanography, Thurman, p. 301, with a slight enhancement.) (Click on the image to enlarge it.) |
This information has been discovered only
recently, using advanced equipment to measure temperature, salinity, density,
oxygen dissolubility, etc. The human eye cannot see the difference between the
two seas that meet, rather the two seas appear to us as one homogeneous sea.
Likewise, the human eye cannot see the division of water in estuaries into the
three kinds: fresh water, salt water, and the partition (zone of separation).
The Quran on Deep Seas and Internal Waves: |
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God has said in the Quran: |
Or
(the unbelievers' state) is like the darkness in a deep sea. It is covered by
waves, above which are waves, above which are clouds. Darknesses, one above
another. If a man stretches out his hand, he cannot see it....
(Quran, 24:40)
This verse mentions the darkness found in deep seas and oceans, where if a man stretches out his hand, he cannot see it. The darkness in deep seas and oceans is found around a depth of 200 meters and below. At this depth, there is almost no light (see figure 15). Below a depth of 1000 meters there is no light at all.1 Human beings are not able to dive more than forty meters without the aid of submarines or special equipment. Human beings cannot survive unaided in the deep dark part of the oceans, such as at a depth of 200 meters.
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Figure 15: Between 3 and 30 percent of the sunlight is reflected at the sea surface. Then almost all of the seven colors of the light spectrum are absorbed one after another in the first 200 meters, except the blue light. (Oceans, Elder and Pernetta, p. 27.) |
Scientists have recently discovered this darkness by means of special equipment and submarines that have enabled them to dive into the depths of the oceans.
We can also understand from the following sentences in the previous verse, "...in a deep sea. It is covered by waves, above which are waves, above which are clouds....", that the deep waters of seas and oceans are covered by waves, and above these waves are other waves. It is clear that the second set of waves are the surface waves that we see, because the verse mentions that above the second waves there are clouds. But what about the first waves? Scientists have recently discovered that there are internal waves which "occur on density interfaces between layers of different densities."2 (see figure 16).
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Figure 16: Internal waves at interface between two layers of water of different densities. One is dense (the lower one), the other one is less dense (the upper one). (Oceanography, Gross, p. 204.) |
The internal waves cover the deep waters of seas and oceans because the deep waters have a higher density than the waters above them. Internal waves act like surface waves. They can also break, just like surface waves. Internal waves cannot be seen by the human eye, but they can be detected by studying temperature or salinity changes at a given location.
Link :- http://www.islam-guide.com/
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